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Behavioural & Cognitive Theorists Albert Bandura states that human psychological development occurs primarily through observational learning (witnessing others). Unlike in the Skinnerian scheme, no direct reinforcement of attitudes, traits and associated behaviours may be required. Simply vicarious reinforcement can alter … Continue reading →

Freudian Psychosexual Stages Another axis of human psychological development is evident in Freud’s earlier description of the psychosexual stages. During childhood, the libido (sex drive)is expressed and gratified through activities relating to particular areas of the body (erotogenic zones) – … Continue reading →

Key Ericksonian Language Patterns Those who have worked or studied with Erickson often conceptualise his work in terms of the language he employed. This section focuses on two language patterns extensively used by Erickson: embedded commands and ambiguity. For further … Continue reading →

Personality traits Clients with personality traits associated with personality disorders may be particularly difficult to treat. For an outline of personality disorders please read yesterday’s blog. They have probably displayed the traits for many years and their lives have been … Continue reading →

Personality Disorders In terms of psychopathology, the Personality Disorders are the most relevant classification for the therapist. DSM IV lists ten different personality disorders: i)        Paranoid Personality Disorder           is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are        … Continue reading →

Origins of Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy was originated by Aaron Beck and, separately, Albert Ellis. Ellis later developed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy, which has very similar themes and approaches to Beck’s CT. CBT was later developed from these ideas. Beck … Continue reading →

Achieving empathy, congruence & unconditional positive regard To achieve empathy, acceptance, realness and create a safe place for the client, a therapist needs: *      An ability to be involved whilst also detached, to be outside as well as inside. *      To … Continue reading →

Should Stupid Therapists Work With Intelligent Clients? For those of you who read my blog regularly, you might well be surprised at the title of this edition. The reason for it is due to the recent articles published in Huffington … Continue reading →

TWO MAJOR ASPECTS OF GESTALT THEORY 1. The Cycle of Awareness The circle  represents  the  self/the person/the organism. Outside the circle is the environ-ment, i.e., everything which is not the person. The perimeter of the circle represents the boundary between … Continue reading →

What is Gestalt Therapy? Fritz Perls, with his collaborators, developed Gestalt Psychotherapy. He used the term “Gestalt” because many of the underlying principles are based on the German School of Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt is, of course, a German word, not … Continue reading →